Historia
Buildings have been built in one place and reassembled in another throughout history. This was especially true for mobile activities, or for new settlements. Castillo de Elmina, the first fuerte de esclavos in África occidental, was also the first European prefabricated building in África sub-sahariana.1: 93 In Norteamérica, in 1624 uno de los primeros edificios at cabo ann was probably partially prefabricated, and was rapidly disassembled and moved at least once. Juan Rollo described in 1801 earlier use of portable hospital buildings in the Indias Occidentales.2 Possibly the first advertised prefab house was the "Manning cottage". A London carpenter, Henry Manning, constructed a house that was built in components, then shipped and assembled by British emigrants. This was published at the time (advertisement, South Australian Record, 1837) and a few still stand in Australia.3 One such is the Casa de reuniones de amigos, Adelaide.45 The peak year for the importation of portable buildings to Australia was 1853, when several hundred arrived. These have been identified as coming from Liverpool, Bostón and Singapur (with Chinese instructions for re-assembly).6 In barbados the Casa mueble was a form of prefabricated building which was developed by emancipated slaves who had limited rights to build upon land they did not own. As the buildings were moveable they were legally regarded as bienes muebles.7
In 1855 during the Guerra de Crimea, after ruiseñor de Florencia wrote a letter to Los tiempos, Isambard Reino Brunel was commissioned to design a prefabricated modular hospital. In five months he designed the Hospital Renkioi: un hospital para 1000 pacientes, con innovaciones en saneamiento, ventilación y un inodoro con descarga de agua.8 Fabricator Guillermo Eassie constructed the required 16 units in Muelles de Gloucester, shipped directly to the Dardanelos. Solo utilizado desde marzo de 1856 hasta septiembre de 1857, redujo la tasa de mortalidad del 42 por ciento al 3,5 por ciento.
The world's first prefabricated, pre-cast panelled apartment blocks were pioneered in Liverpool. A process was invented by city engineer Juan Alejandro Brodie, whose inventive genius also had him inventing the football goal net. The tram stables at Walton in Liverpool followed in 1906. The idea was not extensively adopted in Britain, however was widely adopted elsewhere, particularly in Eastern Europe.
Prefabricated homes were produced during the Fiebre del oro in the United States, when kits were produced to enable Californian prospectors to quickly construct accommodation. Homes were available in kit form by mail order in the United States in 1908.9
Prefabricated housing was popular during the Segunda Guerra Mundial due to the need for mass accommodation for military personnel. The United States used Cabañas Quonset as military buildings, and in the United Kingdom prefabricated buildings used included cabañas nissen and Hangares Bellman. 'Prefabs' were built after the war as a means of quickly and cheaply providing quality housing as a replacement for the housing destroyed during el bombardeo. The proliferation of prefabricated housing across the country was a result of the Comité Burt and the Ley de vivienda (alojamiento temporal) de 1944. Under the Ministerio de Obras Hecho en fábrica de emergencia housing programme, a specification was drawn up and bid on by various private construction and manufacturing companies. After approval by the MoW, companies could bid on Council led development schemes, resulting in whole estates of prefabs constructed to provide accommodation for those made homeless by the War and ongoing limpieza de tugurios.10 Almost 160,000 had been built in the UK by 1948 at a cost of close to £216 million. The largest single prefab estate in Britain11 was at Valle hermoso (South Liverpool), where more than 1,100 were built after World War 2. The estate was demolished in the 1960s amid much controversy as the prefabs were very popular with residents at the time.
Prefabs were aimed at families, and typically had an entrance hall, two bedrooms (parents and children), a bathroom (a room with a bath) — which was a novel innovation for many Britons at that time, a separate toilet, a living room and an equipped (not equipado in the modern sense) kitchen. Construction materials included steel, aluminium, timber or amianto, depending on the type of dwelling. The aluminium Tipo B2 prefab was produced as four pre-assembled sections which could be transported by lorry anywhere in the country.12
The Universal House (pictured left lounge diner right) was given to the Museo al aire libre de Chiltern after 40 years temporary use. The Mark 3 was manufactured by the Universal Housing Company Ltd, Rickmansworth.
The United States used prefabricated housing for troops during the war and for GIs returning home. Casa prefabricada classrooms were popular with UK schools increasing their rolls during the Baby boom of the 1950s and 1960s.
Many buildings were designed with a five-ten year life span, but have far exceeded this, with a number surviving today. In 2002, for example, the city of Brístol still had residents living in 700 examples.13 Many UK councils have been in the process of demolishing the last surviving examples of Second World War prefabs in order to comply with the British government's Estándar de viviendas dignas, which came into effect in 2010. There has, however, been a recent revival in prefabricated methods of construction in order to compensate for the United Kingdom's current housing shortage.cita necesaria
Prefabs y el movimiento modernista
Los arquitectos están incorporando diseños modernos en las casas prefabricadas de hoy. La vivienda prefabricada ya no debe compararse con una casa móvil en términos de apariencia, sino con la de un diseño modernista complejo.14 There has also been an increase in the use of "green" materials in the construction of these prefab houses. Consumers can easily select between different environmentally friendly finishes and wall systems. Since these homes are built in parts, it is easy for a home owner to add additional rooms or even solar panels to the roofs. Many prefab houses can be customized to the client's specific location and climate, making prefab homes much more flexible and modern than before.
There is a espíritu de la época or tendencia in architectural circles and the spirit of the age favors the small huella de carbono of "prefab".
Eficiencia
The process of building pre-fabricated buildings has become so efficient in China that a builder in changsha built a ten-piso building in 28 hours and 45 minutes.15 16
En países comunistas
Many eastern European countries had suffered physical damage during Segunda Guerra Mundial and their economies were in a very poor state. There was a need to reconstruct cities which had been severely damaged due to the war. For example, Varsovia had been practically razed to the ground under the planned destruction of Warsaw by German forces after the 1944 levantamiento de Varsovia. The centre of Dresde, Alemania, había sido totalmente destruida por el bombardeo aliado de 1945. Stalingrado había sido destruido en gran parte y solo quedaban en pie unas pocas estructuras.
Prefabricated buildings served as an inexpensive and quick way to alleviate the massive housing shortages associated with the wartime destruction and large-scale urbanización and vuelo campestre.
edificios comerciales prefabricados
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McDonald's uses prefabricated structures for their buildings, and set a record of constructing a building and opening for business within 13 hours (on pre-prepared ground works).17
In the UK, the major supermarkets have each developed a modular unit system to shop building, based on the systems developed by German cost retailer Aldi and the Danish supermarket chain Neto.18